Introduction
Walking into a garden center and seeing the vibrant, saturated colors of begonias is one of the true highlights of spring. Whether it is the soft glow of a peach-colored blossom or the deep, rich crimson of a classic wax variety, these plants bring a unique charm to any shady corner. At Longfield Gardens, we believe every gardener deserves to enjoy these stunning blooms year after year.
If you are planning your landscape, you might find yourself wondering if these plants are a one-season investment or if they will return to greet you next spring. The answer is quite interesting and depends largely on the specific type of begonia you choose and where you live. While most people in the United States treat them as annuals, many varieties have a secret perennial nature that is easy to tap into.
This guide will help you understand the perennial potential of begonias and how you can enjoy their beauty for multiple seasons. We will explore the different types of begonias, how to keep them through the winter, and which varieties are truly hardy in colder climates. By the end of this article, you will have a clear plan for making the most of these versatile plants in your own backyard.
Begonias are technically perennial plants, but their ability to survive the winter outdoors depends on your local climate and the specific species you plant.
The Short Answer: Annual or Perennial?
In the gardening world, we often group plants into "annuals" (those that live for one year) and "perennials" (those that come back every year). Begonias are slightly more complex. Biologically, nearly all begonias are perennials. They are programmed by nature to live for several years, provided the conditions are right.
However, begonias are native to tropical and subtropical regions. This means they are very sensitive to cold temperatures. In most parts of the United States, the freezing temperatures of winter will kill the plant if it stays in the ground. For this reason, most gardeners in Zones 2 through 8 grow them as "tender perennials." This means we treat them like annuals unless we take special steps to protect them from the frost.
If you live in a very warm climate, such as USDA Zones 9, 10, or 11, you may see your begonias thrive outdoors all year long. In these regions, the ground stays warm enough for the root systems to survive. For everyone else, "perennial" success requires a little bit of help from the gardener, either by choosing hardy varieties or by bringing the plants indoors for the winter.
Understanding the Different Types of Begonias
To understand how a begonia behaves, you first need to know what type you have. There are over 2,000 species of begonias, but home gardeners usually interact with four main categories. Each has a different growth habit and a different level of cold tolerance.
Tuberous Begonias
Tuberous begonias are the "classic" perennial choice for many enthusiasts. These plants grow from a thickened, underground stem called a tuber. This tuber acts as a storage tank for energy, allowing the plant to go dormant in the winter and regrow when the weather warms up.
These varieties produce some of the most spectacular flowers in the garden. You can find them in upright forms for garden beds or trailing forms that look beautiful in hanging baskets. Because they have a tuber, they are very easy to save from year to year. You simply dig up the tuber in the fall and store it in a cool, dry place.
Fibrous (Wax) Begonias
Fibrous begonias, often called wax begonias, are the most common bedding plants. They have small, succulent leaves that look like they have been polished with wax. Their roots are thin and thread-like, similar to many other common flowers.
While these are technically perennials in the tropics, they do not have a storage tuber to help them survive dormancy. Most gardeners treat these as annuals because they are inexpensive and easy to find at local nurseries. However, you can actually dig these up and bring them indoors as houseplants if you want to keep them alive through the winter.
Rhizomatous and Cane Begonias
Rhizomatous begonias, such as the famous Rex varieties, are grown primarily for their stunning foliage. They have thick, horizontal stems called rhizomes that grow along the soil surface. Cane begonias, like the popular Angel Wing varieties, have tall, bamboo-like stems.
Both of these groups are very common as houseplants. If you plant them in your garden during the summer, they will act as perennials only if they are brought back inside before the first frost. They make excellent long-term companions because they can live for many years on a bright windowsill.
Hardy Begonias (Begonia grandis)
If you want a begonia that stays in the ground and comes back every spring without any extra work from you, the hardy begonia is the plant you need. This is the only species commonly available that can survive freezing winters in the ground. It is a true perennial for gardeners in Zones 6 through 9.
Key Takeaway: All begonias are biologically perennials, but only the "Hardy Begonia" (Begonia grandis) can survive winter in the ground in most of the United States. Tuberous varieties must be dug up and stored, while wax and Rex types are best moved indoors as houseplants.
How Climate and Zones Affect Your Choice
Success with begonias starts with understanding your local environment. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is your best tool for deciding how to treat your plants. This map divides the country into zones based on the average minimum winter temperature.
Zones 9 to 11 (The Tropical Regions)
In these warm climates, begonias are true outdoor perennials. You can plant them in the ground and expect them to live for years. They rarely experience a frost that is deep enough to reach the roots or tubers. In these areas, the biggest challenge is often the summer heat rather than the winter cold. Most begonias will appreciate extra shade and consistent moisture during the hottest months.
Zones 6 to 8 (The Transition Zones)
If you live in these middle zones, you have the best of both worlds. You can grow the Hardy Begonia (Begonia grandis) as a permanent part of your landscape. Other types, like tuberous or wax begonias, will still be killed by frost. However, because the winters are shorter, it is very easy to overwinter these plants with minimal effort. A thick layer of mulch can sometimes help more sensitive varieties survive a mild winter in Zone 8, though it is never a guarantee.
Zones 2 to 5 (The Cold Regions)
In the northern states, begonias are strictly summer guests. The ground freezes deeply, which will destroy the cellular structure of any begonia left outside. For gardeners in these areas, the "perennial" nature of a begonia is only achieved by bringing the plants into a heated space. We ship our begonias from our facility in New Jersey at the right time for your specific zone, ensuring you get a head start on the growing season.
What to do next:
- Identify your USDA Hardiness Zone before buying.
- Decide if you want a plant that stays in the ground or one you are willing to move.
- Check your local "first frost" date so you know when to bring plants inside.
The Truly Perennial Choice: Hardy Begonias
If you are looking for a plant that behaves like a traditional perennial, Begonia grandis is a fantastic addition to the shade garden. Unlike its tropical cousins, this plant has adapted to withstand freezing temperatures.
Why We Love Hardy Begonias
Hardy begonias offer a delicate beauty that belies their toughness. They feature heart-shaped leaves with olive-green tops and stunning red undersides. In late summer, when many other shade plants are starting to look tired, the hardy begonia bursts into bloom with clusters of airy, soft pink or white flowers.
These plants usually reach about two feet in height. They pair perfectly with other shade-lovers like hostas, ferns, and hellebores. One of their most charming traits is that they are late to emerge in the spring. This makes them great companions for spring-flowering bulbs, as the begonia foliage will grow in just as the bulb leaves are fading away.
How They Survive the Winter
Hardy begonias have a clever way of spreading and surviving. They produce tiny "bulbils" in the leaf axils (where the leaf meets the stem) in late autumn. These tiny structures drop to the ground and act as miniature tubers, starting new plants the following year.
To help them through a particularly cold winter, we recommend leaving the fallen foliage on the ground until spring. This provides a natural layer of insulation. A few inches of wood chips or shredded leaves over the planting area also helps keep the roots safe from deep freezes.
How to Overwinter Tuberous Begonias
If you have fallen in love with a specific tuberous begonia, you do not have to say goodbye when autumn arrives. Saving the tubers is a simple process that feels very rewarding. It is a great way to save money and enjoy even larger, more spectacular plants next year.
Timing the Harvest
Wait until the first light frost has nipped the leaves. This tells the plant that it is time to go dormant. The foliage will turn yellow or brown and begin to collapse. At this point, the plant has sent all its energy down into the tuber for storage.
Digging and Cleaning
Carefully lift the tubers out of the soil using a garden fork or a small trowel. Be gentle, as you do not want to bruise or cut the tuber. Shake off the loose soil and trim the stems back to about an inch or two above the tuber.
The Curing Process
Curing is the most important step for perennial success. Place your tubers in a warm, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight. Let them sit for about a week. This allows the outer skin to toughen up and any remaining stem pieces to dry out and fall off naturally. Drying the tubers prevents rot during the winter months.
Winter Storage
Once the tubers are dry, place them in a breathable container. A cardboard box or a paper bag works perfectly. We recommend packing them in dry peat moss, vermiculite, or sawdust. This keeps them from touching each other and provides a little insulation. Store the box in a cool, dark place where the temperature stays between 40°F and 50°F. A basement or an attached garage that does not freeze is usually the best spot.
Key Takeaway: Overwintering tuberous begonias is a simple four-step process: wait for frost, dig carefully, cure in a dry spot for a week, and store in a cool, dark area using dry packing material.
Keeping Begonias as Houseplants
For wax begonias, Rex begonias, and Angel Wing varieties, the easiest way to enjoy them as perennials is to bring them indoors for winter. These plants adapt well to indoor life and can provide greenery and color throughout the dark winter months.
Transitioning Indoors
The key to keeping these plants healthy is a gradual transition. Before the temperatures drop below 50°F at night, bring your pots onto a porch or closer to the house. Check the leaves and soil carefully for any garden visitors like aphids or spider mites. A quick rinse with a garden hose can help clear away any hitchhikers.
Light and Temperature
Inside, begonias need bright, indirect light. A window facing east or west is often ideal. Avoid placing them directly in front of a south-facing window, as the intense winter sun can sometimes scorch their leaves. Keep them away from cold drafts or heating vents, as they prefer a steady room temperature between 60°F and 75°F.
Watering Correctly
Indoor air is much drier than the air outside. While begonias like humidity, they do not like to sit in soggy soil. Use the "finger test" before watering: if the top inch of soil feels dry, it is time to give them a drink. If you have Rex begonias, they will appreciate a pebble tray filled with water beneath their pots to increase the local humidity.
Simple Planting Success: Right Plant, Right Place
Whether you are planting your begonias for one season or intending to keep them as perennials, getting the basics right will ensure they perform their best. At Longfield Gardens, we always emphasize that matching the plant to the right spot is the secret to a beautiful garden.
Light Requirements
Most begonias are famous for their love of shade, but "shade" can mean different things. Most varieties prefer dappled sunlight or "bright shade." This means they want to be under the canopy of a tree or on the north side of a building where they get reflected light but no direct, scorching afternoon sun. For more guidance, see this guide to begonias and shade.
If you have a spot with a bit more sun, look for varieties with darker or bronze-colored foliage. These types are generally more tolerant of sunlight than the bright green varieties.
Soil and Drainage
Drainage refers to how fast water leaves the soil. Begonias have succulent stems and roots, which means they store a lot of water. If they sit in soil that stays wet and heavy, they can easily rot.
To ensure success, plant them in loose, well-draining soil. If you are planting in containers, use a high-quality potting mix. If you are planting in the ground, you can improve heavy clay soil by adding compost or peat moss. This creates air pockets that help the roots breathe.
Depth and Spacing
When planting tuberous begonias, the depth is very important. Place the tuber about an inch below the soil surface with the hollow (indented) side facing up. If you plant them too deep, they may struggle to reach the surface. For additional guidance, see how to plant tuberous begonias in pots. For wax begonias, plant them at the same depth they were in their nursery pots. Spacing them about 8 to 12 inches apart allows for good air circulation, which helps prevent powdery mildew.
What to do next:
- Choose a spot with filtered light, away from the harsh afternoon sun.
- Ensure your soil is loose and does not hold standing water.
- Plant tubers with the indented side up, just below the surface.
- Space plants correctly to allow for airflow.
Why Some Begonias Don't Return
If you have tried to grow begonias as perennials before and didn't see them return, don't be discouraged. There are a few common reasons why this happens, and most are very easy to fix.
- Late Spring Frost: Sometimes a begonia starts to grow during a warm spell in April, only to be hit by a sudden late frost. This can kill the new, tender growth. If you see your begonias emerging and a frost is predicted, simply cover them with an old sheet or a bucket for the night.
- Wet Winter Soil: In many regions, the winter is very wet. If a begonia tuber or the roots of a hardy begonia sit in cold, soggy soil for months, they may rot before spring arrives. Improving your drainage is the best way to prevent this.
- Planting Too Early: It is tempting to plant begonias as soon as the first warm day of spring arrives. However, the soil needs to be warm for these plants to wake up. Waiting until the soil is at least 60°F will give your plants a much stronger start.
- Accidental Digging: Because hardy begonias are late to emerge in the spring, it is very common for gardeners to accidentally dig them up while planting something else. We suggest marking the spot with a small stake or a stone so you know where to expect them.
The Joy of Long-Term Gardening
There is a special kind of satisfaction that comes from seeing a plant return to your garden year after year. It creates a sense of continuity and lets you see the progress of your hard work. Whether you choose to plant hardy begonias that stay in the ground or you take the time to store tubers in your basement, you are participating in a rewarding gardening tradition.
Begonias are remarkably resilient when you understand their needs. They don't require complex "hacks" or expensive chemicals. By following the simple rules of right plant, right place, and respecting their need for warmth, you can transform these beautiful flowers from a temporary decoration into a long-term part of your garden family.
At Longfield Gardens, we take pride in providing high-quality plants that are true to variety and ready to grow. We want you to feel confident in your garden, knowing that with a few basic steps, you can achieve professional-looking results. Gardening should be a source of relaxation and beauty, and begonias are one of the most reliable ways to bring that vision to life.
Conclusion
Begonias are versatile, colorful, and far more durable than many people realize. While they are often sold as annuals, their true identity as perennials offers a wonderful opportunity for home gardeners to build a lasting landscape. By choosing the right variety for your zone and understanding how to protect them from the cold, you can enjoy these spectacular blooms for many seasons to come.
- Technically, all begonias are perennials, but most are "tender" and cannot survive freezing temperatures.
- The Hardy Begonia (Begonia grandis) is a true perennial for Zones 6 through 9 and stays in the ground all year.
- Tuberous begonias can be saved year after year by digging up the tubers and storing them in a cool, dry place.
- Wax and Rex begonias make excellent perennial houseplants if moved indoors before the first frost.
Gardening is a journey that rewards patience and observation. By learning the simple habits of your begonias, you can turn a seasonal splash of color into a perennial highlight of your home.
We invite you to explore the many varieties we offer and start your own begonia collection this season. With a little care and the right timing, these plants will be your favorite garden companions for years to reach.
FAQ
Can I leave my wax begonias in the ground over winter?
In most of the United States (Zones 2-8), wax begonias will not survive the winter in the ground because their roots cannot tolerate freezing temperatures. If you live in Zone 9 or warmer, they may survive as perennials, but in colder areas, you should either treat them as annuals or bring them indoors as houseplants.
How do I know if my begonia is the tuberous type?
You can usually tell by looking at the base of the plant or checking the tag when you buy it. Tuberous begonias have thick, fleshy stems and often larger, more dramatic flowers. If you gently brush away the top layer of soil and find a brown, potato-like structure, it is a tuberous begonia.
When should I bring my indoor begonias back outside?
Wait until the threat of frost has completely passed and the nighttime temperatures consistently stay above 50°F. Begonias are very sensitive to cold, so it is better to wait an extra week than to rush them out into chilly air. Gradually acclimate them by placing them in a sheltered, shady spot for a few hours a day before moving them permanently. See this guide on when to plant begonias outside for additional timing guidance.
Do hardy begonias need a lot of sun to come back?
No, hardy begonias actually prefer shade to part-shade. In fact, too much direct afternoon sun can scorch their leaves and stress the plant. They will thrive and return faithfully each year in a spot that receives filtered light or morning sun and afternoon shade.
